Types of Adjectives (विशेषण - Visheshan)

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Today, we are going to learn types of adjectives in Hindi language.

Adjectives - विशेषण (Visheshan)

An adjective is often defined as a word which describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun.  Adjectives describe nouns in terms of such qualities as size, color, number, and kind. 

Adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify.  Hindi adjectives are of two types: those that inflect (change their endings), and those that are invariable.  Those which inflect, such as big- बड़ा (badaa), or good - अच्छा (acha) and small - छोटा (chota), end in आ (aa) in the masculine singular, ए(a) in masculine plural and ई (e)  in the feminine singular and plural.   The invariable adjectives, like clean- साफ (saaf), hot - गरम (garam), excellent – उत्तम (uttam), difficult – कठिन (kathin), firm – द्रुध (drudh), monthly- मासिक (masik), daily- दैनिक (dainik), strong- बलवान (balvaan), etc never change.

egs:

English	Hindi	Transliteration
Good Boy	अच्छा लड़का	Achcha ladka
Good Girl	अच्छी लड़की	Achchi ladki
Good Boys	अच्छे लड़के	Achche ladke
Good Girls	अच्छी लड़कियाँ	Achchi ladkiyam
Cold water	ठंडा पानी	Thanda paani
Small house	छोटा घर	Chota ghar
Small table	छोटी मेज़	Choti mez
Small tables	छोटी मेज़ें	Choti mezen
Small rooms	छोटे कमरे	Chote kamre
Black cat	काली बिल्ली	Kaali billi
Fat men	मोटे आदमी	Mote admi
Sweet fruits	मीठे फल	Meethe phal
Hot milk	गरम दूध	Garam doodh
This small girl is my sister	यह छोटी लड़की मेरी बहन है	Yeh choti ladki meri bahan hai
He drinks hot tea	वह गरम चाइ पीता है	Vah garam chai peeta hai
The elephant is a big animal.	हाथी बड़ा जानवर है	Haathi bada janvar hai

Adjectives - विशेषण (Visheshan)

Based on the use, the adjective is divided into the following categories:

1. Adjective of Quality – गुणवाचक विशेषण (gunavachak visheshan)
2. Adjective of Number – संख्यावाचक विशेषण (samkhyavachak visheshan)
3. Adjective of Quantity – परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (parimanvachak visheshan)
4. Demonstrative Adjective – संकेतवाचक  विशेषण (sanketvachak visheshan)

Adjectives of Quality - गुणवाचक विशेषण (gunavachak visheshan): Adjectives that describe the quality, colour, shape, condition, time, position or location of a noun or a ponoun are called Adjectives of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण).

Examples:

1. Tripti is an honest girl.- तृप्ति ईमानदार लड़की है |
2. Raipur is a large city. - रायपुर बड़ा शहर है |
   
3. Foolish person do not get success. - मूर्ख व्यक्ति को सफलता नहीं मिलती |
4. India is a great country. - भारत एक महान देश है |
5. He is an American. - वह एक अमेरिकी है |
6. She is very poor. - वह बहुत गरीब है |
7. He is a liar.- वह झूठा है |
8. This river is broad and deep. यह नदी चौड़ा और गहरा है |
9. Roses are red, yellow and pink.- गुलाब लाल, पीले और गुलाबी रंग के हैं

Adjective of Number – संख्यावाचक विशेषण (samkhyavachak visheshan)

Adjectives denoting the number of a noun or a pronoun are called adjectives of number. 

Adjectives of number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण) are of following types:-

• Definite Numeral Adjectives - निश्चित  संख्यावाचक विशेषण, which denote an exact number, such as: Cardinals  like one, two, three, etc (ek, do teen,...)
• Ordinals like first, second, third, etc (pahala, doosra, teesra,....) half, quarter, three-forth, etc(adha, paun, paav, sava, teen chauthayee,....) numbers like both, scores, dozens, etc(donom, charom, dasom, hazarom, darjanom, ....) once, twice, thrice, four times, etc(duguna, tiguna, chauguna,.....)
• Words that represent every person or thing of a group like each, every, etc (प्रत्येक, प्रति, हर एक, एक एक)
• once, twice, thrice, four times, etc(duguna, tiguna, chauguna,.....)
• Words that represent every person or thing of a group like each, every, etc (प्रत्येक, प्रति, हर एक, एक एक)
• Indefinite Numeral Adjectives – अनिश्चित संख्यावाचक विशेषण – which denotes an indefinite number such as few-कुछ (kuch), many- अनेक (aneek), a lot-कई (kayee)

Examples:

1. All men must die.- सभी  व्यक्तियों की मृत्यु निश्चित है ।
2. Most people like to see film.- अधिकतर लोग चलचित्र देखना पसंद करते हैं ।
3. There are fifteen students in the class.- कक्षा में पन्द्रह विद्यार्थी हैं ।
4. I want to meet every member of the team.-   मैं टीम के प्रत्येक सदस्य से मिलना चाहता हूँ |
5. I ate three bananas. - मैंने तीन केले खाया |
6. The hand has five fingers. - हाथ में पांच उंगलियां है
7. Few cats like cold water. - कुछ बिल्लियों को ठंडा पानी पसंद है
8. There are no pictures in this book - इस किताब में कोई चित्र नहीं है

Adjective of Quantity – परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (parimanvachak visheshan):

Words describing value, measurment, number etc are called Adjective of Number (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण). परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (parimanvachak visheshan) is divided into two categories:-

निश्चित  परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (nishchit parimanvachak visheshan) –An adjective that denotes a definite value or measurement.

Examples:

Quarter pound wheat - सवा सेर गेहू

Quarter gram sugar-पाव भर चीनी

अनिश्चित परिमाणवाचक विशेषण (anishchit parimanvachak visheshan)  - An adjective that denotes an indefinite value or measurement.

Examples:

1. I ate some rice.- मैने कुछ चावल खाया
2. He showed much patience.- वह बहुत धैर्य दिखाया
3. He has little intelligence.- वह थोड़ा खुफिया है
4. We had enough exercise.- हमने बहुत अभ्यास किया
5. He has lost all his wealth. - वह अपनी सारी संपत्ति खो दिया है

Demonstrative Adjective – संकेतवाचक  विशेषण (sanketvachak visheshan): Adjectives which indicate toward some person or thing are called Demonstrative Adjectives.

Examples:

1. This boy is more intelligent than Mohan.- यह लड़का मोहन से अधिक बुद्धिमान है।
2. These fruits are sweet.- ये फल मीठे हैं।
3. I like such things.- मुझे ऐसी चीज़ें पसंद है
4. That boy is strong.- वह लड़का मजबूत है

We've tried to include a list of more adjectives in our next post on  The Top 90 Popular Adjectives to Learn.You may kindly refer it for an elaborate list of adjectives.

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See you next time! :)